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Outline The Challenge We work with customers across four major industries to develop solutions to their toughest Process and production challenges. All of our customers use sophisticated. Azi revin cu un articol pentru a v Catalytic ozone oxidation of benzene at low temperature over Mn. Ox/Al- SBA- 1. 6 catalyst. Abstract. The low- temperature catalytic ozone oxidation of benzene was investigated. In this study, Al- SBA- 1. Si/Al = 2. 0) that has a three- dimensional cubic Im. Two different Mn precursors, i. Mn acetate and Mn nitrate, were used to synthesize Mn- impregnated Al- SBA- 1. The characteristics of these two catalysts were investigated by instrumental analyses using the Brunauer- Emmett- Teller method, X- ray diffraction, X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature- programmed reduction. A higher catalytic activity was exhibited when Mn acetate was used as the Mn precursor, which is attributed to high Mn dispersion and a high degree of reduction of Mn oxides formed by Mn acetate than those formed by Mn nitrate. Keywords: Al- SBA- 1. Mn precursors, benzene, ozone, catalytic oxidation. Introduction. Hazardous air pollutants . HAPs are characterized by their toxicity, carcinogenicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, and dispersion. Most HAPs, however, are not regulated/managed, producing secondary pollutants and odor . Benzene, a representative HAP, is a well- known carcinogen. Long- term exposure to benzene can cause blood dyscrasias such as a decrease in erythrocytes, aplastic anemia, and leukemia . Therefore, in recent years, considerable attention has been paid to the removal of benzene and other HAPs. Ozone has been widely used for pollution treatment in the semiconductor industry, water treatment, and air cleaning . In particular, catalytic ozone oxidation has high pollutant- removal efficiency and low energy consumption . In the catalytic ozone oxidation process, ozone is decomposed into activated oxygen species that can oxidize organic compounds. Recently, researches on the catalytic ozone oxidation of volatile organic compounds . The HAP removal process involving ozone addition is economically advantageous because it can be performed at a temperature much lower than that required for conventional HAP removal processes. Thus far, Al. 2O3, Si. O2, and zeolite catalysts impregnated with metal have usually been used for catalytic ozone oxidation. In particular, supports with a large specific surface area have good dispersion of metal oxides within the supports, leading to high reaction activity . In particular, SBA- 1. The three- dimensional channel connectivity of SBA- 1. To the best of our knowledge, SBA- 1. Mn. Ox is a metal oxide that exhibits high activity during the decomposition of VOCs at a low temperature . Therefore, in this study, Al- SBA- 1. Mn by using two different Mn precursors, i. Mn(CH3. COO)2 (Mn acetate) and Mn(NO3)2 (Mn nitrate), to investigate the effect of Mn precursors on the catalytic ozone oxidation of benzene. Experimental details. Synthesis of Mn. Ox/Al- SBA- 1. The detailed procedure for the synthesis of mesoporous silica SBA- 1. Im. 3m structure is described in the literature . A poly(alkylene oxide)- type triblock copolymer, i. F1. 27 (EO1. 06. PO7. EO1. 06, MW = 1. 2,6. Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), was dissolved in an aqueous HCl solution, and tetraethyl orthosilicate . The solution was stirred for 1. The molar composition of the mixture was F1. TEOS: HCl: H2. O = 0. This mixture was put in an oven for 2. The mixture was then put in an oven at an elevated temperature of 1. After this hydrothermal aging, the solid product formed was recovered by filtration and was dried at 1. The dried sample was washed with ethanol, dried in an oven at 1. Al incorporation in the sample was performed with an ethanolic solution of Al. Cl. 3 (Si/Al = 2. After completely evaporating the solvent (ethanol) in a rotary evaporator, the sample was calcined in air at 5. The Al- incorporated sample is hereafter referred to as Al- SBA- 1. The amount of Mn impregnated using Mn(NO3)2 (9. Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Mn(CH3. COO)2 (> 9. 9%, Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as the Mn precursors was 1. The Mn- impregnated material was calcined at 5. Al- SBA- 1. 6 catalysts synthesized using Mn nitrate and Mn acetate as the Mn precursors are hereafter referred to as Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5% and Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5%, respectively. Characterization of Mn. Ox/Al- SBA- 1. 6X- ray diffraction . The N2 adsorption- desorption isotherms and the Brunauer- Emmett- Teller . Temperature- programmed reduction . X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy . A monochromatic Al K. Ozone was produced from O2 using a silent- discharge ozone generator. Before each experiment, the sample was heated at 4. The catalyst was then cooled and maintained at 8. In each experiment, 0. The ozone flow rate and benzene inlet concentration were set at 1. L/min and 1. 00 ppm, respectively. The product gas sample was passed through a GC/FID (6. Series, Young Lin, Anyang, South Korea) with an HP- 5 column (Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) to analyze the benzene conversion, an indoor gas analyzer (ISR- 4. WOORI Industrial System Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk- do, South Korea) used for the CO and CO2 products, and an ozone analyzer (LAB- S, Ozonetech, Daejeon, South Korea) for the ozone conversion. In this study, the gas- phase reaction of benzene with ozone was shown to be negligible. Results and discussion. Characterization of Al- SBA- 1. Table . Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5% had a greater BET surface area than Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5%. Textural properties of the catalysts. The XRD pattern of the synthesized SBA- 1. Figure . This result indicates that the cubic mesostructure was not destructed by the incorporation of alumina on the silica framework. It is shown in Figure . This result indicates that Mn was dispersed uniformly within Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5%, whereas it was poorly dispersed in Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5%, and Mn oxides existed as large- sized particles. The powder XRD patterns of Al- SBA- 1. Mn precursors. Figure . The peak for Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5% was divided into three peaks located at 6. V obtained by peak deconvolution, representing Mn. O3 (6. 41. 2 . On the other hand, the peak for Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5% was divided into two peaks located at 6. V, implying the dominance of Mn. O3 within Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5%. The XRD and XPS results suggested that well- dispersed Mn oxides were formed by Mn acetate, while several different types of poorly dispersed Mn oxides were formed by Mn nitrate. On the basis of these results, it was expected that Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5% would show a higher activity for the catalytic ozone oxidation of benzene than Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5%. XPS spectra of Al- SBA- 1. Mn precursors. As shown by the TPR results (Figure . This implies that Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5% has higher lattice oxygen mobility, leading to higher activity for the oxidation reaction. In addition, as mentioned above, the order of catalytic activity for the VOC oxidation of Mn oxides is Mn. O4 > Mn. 2O3 > Mn. O2 . In this study, it was shown that highly active Mn. O3 was dispersed well in Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5%, while Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5% contained large- sized Mn. O3 particles, resulting in low activity. Moreover, Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5% contained Mn. O2 and Mn nitrate with low activity, which is supposed to be another reason for the low activity of Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5%. TPR of Al- SBA- 1. Mn precursors. Benzene oxidation with ozone. Figure . For 8. 0 min, Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5% showed benzene and ozone conversions about 5% higher than those shown by Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5% despite having a low surface area. The conversions reduced with an increasing reaction time for both Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5% and Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5%; however, the extent of reduction was larger for Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5%. Benzene and ozone conversions over Al- SBA- 1. Mn precursors at 8. Both the benzene conversion and COx yield were about 8. Al- SBA- 1. 6- MA1. Al- SBA- 1. 6- MN1. COx yield (7. 4%) was significantly lower than the benzene conversion (8. As shown by the TPR results, Al- SBA- 1. MA1. 5% has a higher degree of reduction than Al- SBA- 1. MN1. 5%, which may lead to higher lattice oxygen mobility and higher oxidation activity. HCPS Staff Resources. Student Intern Information. As a student intern, you will have the opportunity to observe, interact, and eventually teach in a classroom of HCPS students. In order to prepare you, your college or university has guided you through courses and field placement opportunities. In order to familiarize you with policies and procedures in HCPS, you are required to review the following so that you will be prepared to succeed in our school system. Please be sure to have access to speakers as the first and last presentation are narrated. You will also find three documents which must be completed and submitted to HCPS on or before September 1. You may scan them and send them as an email to Elizabeth. Mc. Cartney@hcps. Elizabeth Mc. Cartney, Teacher Induction, A. Roberty Building, or fax them to 4. Attention Elizabeth Mc. Cartney. 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Toshiba How-To Videos VISIT Toshiba How-To Videos. Toshiba has over 100 videos to provide How-To help on your most common questions and solutions. Intel® Core ARM GCC Inline Assembler Cookbook. About this document. The GNU C compiler for ARM RISC processors offers, to embed assembly language. C programs. This cool feature may be used for manually optimizing. C language. It's not a C. The following statement may be. C statement. In other words. It is also known as a NOP. Before adding this example right away to your C code, keep on reading. And you can write more than. To make it more. readable, you can put each instruction on a separate line. It may seem a bit odd for the first time, but that's the way the compiler creates. C statements. However, registers and constants are specified in a different way. C expressions. The general form of an inline assembler statement is. The connection between assembly language and C operands is provided by an. We will explain the third optional part, the list. Each entry. consists of a symbolic name enclosed in square brackets, followed by a. C expression enclosed in parentheses. Again, this is optional and our example. Inline asm statements containing assembler instruction only are. Assembly Quick Guide - Learning assembly programming language in simple and easy steps using this beginner's tutorial containing basic to advanced knowledge starting. Answer: c Explanation:Machine language instruction format has one or more fields. The first one is the operation code field. Atmel Studio 7 is the integrated development platform (IDP) for developing and debugging Atmel® SMART ARM®-based and Atmel AVR® microcontroller (MCU) applications. Introduction to avr-libc's interrupt handling It's nearly impossible to find compilers that agree on how to handle interrupt code. Since the C language tries to stay. If an unused part is followed by one which is used. It uses. an input, but no output operand. Again, the clobber list will be explained. It refers to the entry in. That means, that there is. To put it simple: You can choose. C code. However, unique symbols must be used within each asm statement. In fact. the GCC compiler supports symbolic names since version 3. For earlier. releases the rotating bit example must be written as. This format is still supported. GCC releases, but quite error- prone and difficult to maintain. Beside the mysterious. There's something more important to highlight. First is. that C is limited when we are getting closer to the hardware. The second. reason is to create highly optimized code. No doubt, the GNU C code optimizer.
Let's examine the part of a compiler listing. DE5 ldr r. 3, . It could have. selected any other register or two registers, one for each C variable. Here is another. listing, generated by a different compiler version with different compile. E4. 20. A0. E1 mov r. The compiler selected a unique register for each operand, using the value already. Did you get. the picture? The compiler may even decide not to include your assembler. These decisions are part of the compiler's optimization strategy. Here is the. revised version. NOP example, revised */. A sophisticated optimizer will. The following C snippet had been left over after. The optimizer will recognize, that the two increments do not have. What's the alternative? Can two RN2483 (or RN2903) modems communicate point-to-point (P2P) without a gateway? Furthermore it knows, that. ARM instruction only. Thus. it will re- arrange the code to. ARM instruction. Disabling interrupts before. The clobber list from the example above. In general you should pass. Beside. register names and cc for the condition register, memory. It tells the compiler that the assembler. And it must retain the. Alternatively. you can add a dummy operand to create an artificial dependency. This will. preserve the sequence of our three statements without invalidating. If something remains nebulous, better. You probably know that. For example. the branch instruction expects a target address to jump at. However, not. every memory address is valid, because the final opcode accepts a 2. In contrary, the branch and exchange instruction expects a. In both cases the. C to the inline assembler may be the same C function pointer. ORR R0, R0, #operand. Constant in the range 0 . SWI operand. Indexing constants - 4. SUB R0, R0, #operand. KSame as I, but inverted. Same as I, but shifted. LSame as I, but negated. Constant in the range - 7 . SUB R0, R1, #operand. Same as r. Registers r. PUSH operand. Constant in the range of 0 . MOV R2, R1, ROR #operand. Constant that is a multiple of 4 in the range of 0 . ADD R0, SP, #operand. Any valid memory address. NNot available. Constant in the range of 0 . LSL R0, R1, #operand. ONot available. Constant that is a multiple of 4 in the range of - 5. ADD SP, #operand. General register r. SUB operand. 1, operand. Not availablew. Vector floating point registers s. Modifiers are. Modifier. Specifies. Write- only operand, usually used for all output operands. Read- write operand, must be listed as an output operand. A register that should be used for output only. Output operands must be write- only and the C expression result must be an. The C compiler is able to check this. Even if it claims to have found an internal. But what, if you need. The constraint modifier. It rotates the. contents of the variable value to the right by one bit. In opposite to. the previous example, the result is not stored in another variable. Instead the original. Here is an example. The. compiler may choose the same registers for input and output, even if not told. You may remember the first assembly listing of the rotating bits example. In. situations where your code depends on different registers used for input and. The following code demonstrates this problem. If the compiler would have chosen the same register. Fortunately, the & modifier instructs. Using such. include files may produce compiler warnings, if they are used in modules, which. ANSI mode. To avoid that, you can write . These. are equivalent aliases. Here is a macro which will convert a long value from. BYTESWAP(val) \. . This may not be acceptable for larger routines. In this case you. C stub function. Here is the byte swap procedure again, this. C function. You can specify a different name for the. This makes sense only for global variables. Local. variables (aka auto variables) do not have symbolic names in. You can instruct the inline. Be warned, that this sample is bad in most situations, because. Furthermore, GCC will not. If the optimizer recognizes. But the compiler is not able to check whether this register usage. If you reserve too many registers in. The following code will adjust. It uses r. 3 as a scratch register and lets. Better. implement a C stub function and use a local variable for temporary. Basically, this is limited to values ranging from. In other words, any result of. Because of rotation, x may be. Last not least, the binary complement of these. You can use the following. JMPADDR. This will work with any legal address value. If the constant fits. If it doesn't fit (for example 0x. F0. 00. F0), then the assembler will. But instead. of using ldr, you can simply provide a constant as a register. If JMPADDR is defined. FFFFFF0. 0, then the resulting code will be similar to. FF. The real world is more complicated. It may happen, that we need to. Let's assume, that we want to. This is can be useful when embedded. In this case we need to load the link register. Here is a solution. We use mov here and this will work as. JMPADDR fits. The resulting code will be the. If it doesn't fit, then. But unfortunately there is no way to express. JMPADDR. in inline assembly. Instead, we must write. The following table of. Name. Usager. 0a. First function argument. Integer function result. Scratch register. Second function argument. Scratch register. Third function argument. Scratch register. Fourth function argument. Scratch register. Register variabler. Register variabler. Register variabler. Register variabler. Register variabler. Register variable. Real frame pointer. Stack limit. r. 11fp. Argument pointerr. Temporary workspace. Stack pointerr. 14lr. Link register. Workspace. Program counter. Common pitfalls. Instruction sequence. Developers often expect, that a sequence of instructions remains. This assumption. is wrong and often introduces hard to find bugs. They may be rearranged if dependencies. Consider the following. Then the inlined assembly statement sets r. However, this may go completely wrong. But the optimizer is smart on the C code, generating the. What happed here? Well, while the final code still. C code optimizer decided. It directly returns parameter n. We still have to tell the compiler. For. the given example, we need to extend the asm statement with an output. Using inline. assembler with instructions that are not available in. Better avoid them. It is fine to use. However, you must not jump from one assembler instruction. |
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